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It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows and ahead of ChromeOS.
The first desktop version, Mac OS X All releases from Mac OS X A prominent part of macOS's original brand identity was the use of Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten" as in Mac OS X and also the iPhone X , as well as code naming each release after species of big cats , or places within California. In , Apple transitioned to the Intel architecture with a line of Macs using Intel Core processors.
Throughout the early s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned. Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; until , versions of macOS retained the major version number "10".
The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral , and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X". Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.
Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface , but criticizing it for sluggish performance. Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed.
With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the. Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products.
It later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store. Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions.
Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from onwards. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X In , Mac OS X Mac OS X In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.
A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler In , with the release of OS X That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.
From onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from onwards.
In , with the release of macOS Apple previewed macOS Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other.
He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode.
The Darwin subsystem in macOS manages the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In and , two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.
The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: [64] the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks. For the Mac transition to Intel processors , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. Since , Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.
This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved. Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software.
Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel. Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account or through the Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process requiring the company's approval.
Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features.
This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges. Apple produces macOS applications. Some are included with macOS and some sold separately. Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS.
Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.
As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, [] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh".
Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.
PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.
Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.
Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. Rumors of Apple shifting Macs to the ARM processors used by iOS devices began circulating as early as , [] and ebbed and flowed throughout the s.
Apple officially announced its shift to processors designed in-house on June 22, , at WWDC , with the transition planned to last for two years. One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X.
Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets dialog boxes attached to specific windows and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.
According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.
Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since , Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.
The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.
It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight , a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.
Features introduced in version The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency. In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.
Until OS X In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. In macOS Prior to its release, Mac OS X After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.
The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.
Mac OS X v It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than new features. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.
This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment. It brought more than new features. The single DVD works for all supported Macs including bit machines.
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